There is no coordination or reuse between software-development projects. The projects get a common vocabulary. People get used to the RUP as a common process. The distributed approach may be the first step towards really making use of process and tools. A Development Environment for the Organization back to Different If the organization decides to develop and maintain a development environment for the entire organization, this must be well planned.
There must be a team to develop and maintain this organization-wide environment consisting of process, tools, and infrastructure. Planning an organizational environment project has to be synchronized with the software development projects it supports.
The goal of an organizational environment project is to develop an environment that the software development projects can use. An organizational environment project We recommend you treat an organizational environment project as you would any software development project. Organizing the Work Someone in the organization must be appointed with the overall responsibility for implementing the process and tools for the entire organization. This responsibility includes planning, managing, and budgeting both the process and tools implementation.
Implementing a software development process in an organization is a complex task and needs to be done in a controlled manner.
We recommend treating it as a project that is external to or is a sub-project of your software development project. Set up milestones, allocate resources, and manage it as you would any other project. The process-implementation project is divided into a number of phases where all four steps are performed in each phase until the project is ready and the process and tools are deployed and successfully used by the entire organization as shown in the following figure.
The following table gives a general idea of how a project can be planned with four phases. Four phases of a process-implementation project. A project to implement process and tools in an organization has many similarities to a software development project.
It has even been suggested that the phases above are named Inception, Elaboration, Construction, and Transition as they are for a software development project using the RUP. However, we recommend that you do not use the same names on the phases to avoid any misunderstandings. Guidelines for Planning the Environment Implementation When you define the content and goals of the milestones, keep the following guidelines in mind:. Some typical factors and how they can affect the plans are provided below.
Also see Guideline: Process Discriminants. Problems in the current development process. Focus on those areas of the development process where the organization has problems today. Focus on areas where you can expect some easy results and where people can see the benefits early. Make sure the first iterations focus on an area where you know you will address and solve one of the major problems in today's organization.
The need for change in the current organization. In this case, you can be more aggressive and employ the new process and tools, or parts of them, in real projects. The capacity for change in the current organization. If they are either unaccustomed to change or currently overwhelmed by it, the goals of the first few iterations should be modest. In this case, the primary objective should be to build credibility and confidence in the process, with more intrusive changes reserved for later iterations when they can be more easily accommodated.
See Concepts: Managing Organizational Change. The size of the organization. If the organization using the process and tools is large, be sure that the development case and the tools are stable enough to be used by many developers. In this case, be more careful by implementing the process and supporting tools during several iterations in one or more software development projects.
The risks involved. If they are small, be more aggressive and start using the process and tools in new projects earlier. If the risks are large, be more careful and use pilot projects to verify the process and the tools. The attitude among people in the organization. Communicate the problems with today's organization and how it's working. If current personnel understand today's problems, it will be easier to accept and understand the need for change. Involve those people outside of the immediately affected part of the organization.
Do not try to do everything all at once. Instead, divide the implementation into a number of increments and, in each one, implement a portion of the new process together with the supporting tools.
Typically, focus on one of the areas where you believe the change will have the most impact. If the software-development organization is weak in testing, you may start by introducing the Test discipline of the RUP together with tools that automate testing. However, if the organization is weak in capturing or managing requirements, start by introducing the Requirements discipline together with its supporting tools. Implement the process and tools in iterations of software development projects whether in pilot projects or real projects.
The purpose is to verify the process and the tools in as real an environment as possible. Consider the following points when you select software development projects and iterations: If the goal is to implement the process and tools in one single software-development project, decide to implement the process and tools in that one project, then monitor and improve the process as the project continues.
If the goal is to implement the process and tools in a large organization over many projects, consider implementing and verifying the process and tools in iterations over several phases.
In that case, choose a relatively small project where you can apply the process and tools during the whole lifecycle of a software project. If the RUP represents a significant departure from your current software engineering process, if you need to get a better handle on the risks and advantages of introducing the new process or if you are in a new organization with little or no process in place, consider trying out your development case, or a simplified development case, on a mini-project or a pilot project before applying it to your major, mission-critical development project.
See Concepts: Pilot Project for more information. Also, see the section titled Different Implementation Approaches for examples. The use of a new process, new tools, and possibly new technology in a software project makes the project's schedule more volatile. Be sure to allocate time and resources to implement the process, train people, and so on during the iteration in the software-development project where you start using the process and tools.
Failure to incrementally implement process and tools. The next step is to understand the technical requirements of this project.
As you move on from the planning phase and continue to fill out the SOW, ask questions about the specifics around this project, such as:. Once your development team gets the answers to these questions, they can start to scope out technical requirements, testing terms, and decide on a technology stack.
As Steve Jobs famously said:. Alternatively, you might decide you need more user feedback and do a design sprint to quickly get a feature or idea in front of your users. However you choose to tackle it, this stage helps your team and your client—whether a customer or stakeholder —validate ideas and get valuable feedback before you commit your ideas to code.
This could mean releasing the product to a small group of beta testers or using UX tools to track how users interact with it. In most companies, this step should be pretty much automated using a continuous deployment model or Application Release Automation ARA tool. The ending of one phase is just the beginning of another, and that goes for post-launch as well. Requirements and customer needs are always evolving.
Not to mention the basic upkeep and maintenance of your application or software to ensure uptime and customer satisfaction. All of these requests need to flow back into your product backlog of task list so they can be prioritized and become part of your product roadmap. But how you check them, when, and in what order is up to you.
Over the years, a number of different software development processes have been formalized to tackle more and more complex projects. But which one is right for you? Ultimately, which process you use will come down to your goals, the size of the project and your team, and other factors. To help you decide, here are 5 of the best software development processes with pros and cons for each.
In its most basic form, you can think of the Waterfall method as following each step of the SDLC in sequence—you have to finish each one sequentially before moving on. However, in most practical applications the phases overlap slightly, with feedback and information being passed between them. Due to its rigid structure and big up-front planning time, the Waterfall software development process works best when your goals, requirements, and technology stack are unlikely to radically change during the development process such as during shorter one-off projects.
In more practical terms, the Waterfall process is best suited for larger organizations like government agencies that require sign-offs and documentation on all requirements and scope before a project starts. And because of this, unless your scope is tightly written, you might end up committing to the wrong path without knowing it until launch day. The Agile software development process and its most popular methodology, Scrum opt for an iterative and dynamic approach to development.
This allows tighter feedback loops throughout the software development process so you can adapt and react to real customer needs. Thanks to its dynamic and user-focused nature, Agile is the software development process favored by most startups and technology companies testing new products or doing continuous updates to long-standing ones. Taking into account the target users of the software application and the main features, a user-friendly and modern looking User Interface is designed.
The product design layouts further serve as a base for the next step in the development cycle. In the next step, which involves coding, the development team would have to come up with a plan for implementing the programming language. After the phase of product design, the development team moves on to the stage of coding and implementation. Once the development team has the requirement specification and the design documents in hand, the software developers can start programming.
Besides coding, the developers also perform unit or module testing in this phase, as to detect potential problems as early as possible in the development phase. Some companies prefer to outsource the coding activities, and many times also the previous step of Product Design, to a third-party software development company.
An interesting article about things to consider when outsourcing can be found here. After the coding phase, the team can then move on to the next step of development, which is testing. After the step of coding and implementation, the team can then proceed to integration and validation testing. Software development service teams are in the constant process of releasing different software applications for various purposes, as such this process is necessary as it is important to test the product against all parameters available vigorously.
This phase exposes potential bugs in the product, and if any, these are corrected. As we saw in the previous step, the software developers themselves will perform unit or module testing.
The next stage of testing would be Integration testing. Using this method software developers would first write a test script for particular requirements and only after that write the code to fulfill those requirements. Then the test is run and the code is adjusted until the test passes. If the software application contains no more non-acceptable problems anymore, the application is deployed.
Once the software product passes the testing phase, deployment of the product can ensue. Once the product is ready, the first batch is rolled out and opened to the public.
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