Thailand architecture pdf

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Thailand Architecture 1. Mendoza Crizaldo Guevarra 2. It was believed that Siam derived from the Hindi word shyam, or brown race, with a contemptuous signification.

The early Thai architecture, literature, sculpture all reveal Buddhist influence. It had been a Thai tradition that Buddhist males above 20 yrs of age must practice at least 3 months of monk hood after which they could retreat to their normal lives.

The Buddhist monks are treated with utmost respect throughout the country. The monks drape themselves with saffron colored robes. Golden stupas and steeply sloping roofs characterize The Buddhist temples. Rattanakosin Influence Architectures of this period are divided into 4 groups: Architectural style of the declining period of Ayuthaya lopburi style and prang -Lopburi Architectural Style were mostly constructed from bricks and cut stones with influences from both the Mahayana Buddhism sect and the Hinduism religion.

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Tanadol Suthummo Wilachan. Sukha Snongrot. Sukhothai-era houses and palaces, built of wood, have long since vanished, but temple ruins indicate a distinctive architecture. Temple halls were built with open walls, masonry columns and wooden gable roofs.

Even in brick and stone, these halls featured sloping, trapezoidal uprights, a characteristically Thai geometry borrowed from houses. Temple architecture was shaped by peoples who preceded the Thais in what is now Thailand. The influence of the Khmers, dominant there from the 9th through to the 13th centuries, shows in the Hindu cosmology of temple ground plans. The prang memorial tower and its surrounding cloisters are also Khmer-derived structures.

The key architectural influence of the Mons, dominant from the 6th to the 9th centuries, was an indirect result of the Theravada Buddhism they helped to transmit to the Thais. Whereas Khmer stone sanctuaries only needed to be small to accommodate Hindu images and rituals involving a few high priests and royals,Thai chapels needed to be large to host assemblies of monks and the public.

Thus,Thai builders used wood to construct larger roofs than could be built with stone. The size and mixed masonry-and-wood construction of temple halls are indirect legacies of the Mons, whose own structures survive mostly in the form of the barest ruins of chedis.

The lotus bud chedi form, unique to the Sukhothai civilisation, is thought to derive from the Khmer prang tower. Monumental Buddha images reveal the artistry of Sukhothai sculptors. This statue, The ground plan of the Sukhothai-era temple compound reflects the cosmological inspiration that shaped Khmer temples. The rows of pillars in this wat once supported a wooden gable roof to form an open chapel. Wat Chedi Chet Thae features a lotus bud chedi surrounded by 32 smaller chedis, representing the 32 points on the compass.

It stands in Sri Satchanalai, a vassal kingdom of Sukhothai, located some 50 km away. Bayon-era Khmers built it as a Hindu sanctuary, which the Siamese later transformed for Buddhist ritual. The capital was built some 60 km north of the present capital in Bangkok, on an island where the Chao Phraya River meets two other rivers. Ayutthaya displaced the Khmer dominions in Siam, subdued Angkor in , annexed Sukhothai and became an empire, often warring with Lanna and Burma.

Temple halls were built with thick walls, massive columns and narrow slits for windows. Both forms of the memorial tower—the chedi and prang—underwent stylistic evolution, becoming taller and thinner over the centuries. Wats typically featured a prang as the central element, another Khmer legacy.

Ayutthaya-era architecture is epitomised by its main palace, Sanphet Prasat, featuring a cruciform central hall with a spired roof, sweeping front and rear halls with multi-tiered telescoping roofs, and a bowed, raised base. It was destroyed in Ayutthaya sculptors styled images of the Buddha wearing jewels and a crown, as the concept of kingship became intertwined with Buddhism. When unsealed in , it held royal regalia, votive tablets and Buddha images, including antiquities from throughout Asia.

Chinese cultural influence surged from the 13th through to the 15th centuries. Thais borrowed Chinese motifs from imported ceramics. They kilned ceramic roof tiles in Chinese shapes and adopted Chinese ornament such as lacquer painting and mother-of-pearl inlay. From the midth century, trade and diplomacy with Europe introduced Western forms to Thai architecture and ornament. Acanthus leaf designs were incorporated into lai thai motifs. French engineers built palaces and forts for the King in Ayutthaya, Lopburi and Bangkok.

This cosmopolitanism set the stage for the further development of Siamese culture and architecture in the centuries that followed. The Rattanakosin era, and the Chakri dynasty that established it, continue to today. The new kingdom lasted just 15 years. The Thonburi period, as it is called, saw little construction.

King Rama I, however, built ambitiously after founding Rattanakosin, in an effort to reconstruct not only infrastructure but national morale.

He aimed to recapture the glory of Ayutthaya, and early Rattanakosin style followed Ayutthaya precedents closely. But from the midth century onwards, Siamese architecture became increasingly dynamic, colourful and eclectic.

Temple halls were built taller, lighter and more complex in structure and decoration. When the Sukhothai Kingdom was established by King Indraditya in , its buildings were designed in shapes that were symbolically Buddhist.

The temple compound ruins which are visible in Ayutthaya today usually include a bot ordination hall , a viharn sermon hall and a dome-shaped chedi where holy relics were housed. In temples exhibiting a Khmer influence, the chedi was replaced by an elongated prang , as seen in that of Wat Arun in Bangkok. Other structures in the temple complex included open-sided sala pavilions and guti quarters where monks resided.

This complex, however, was built by successive royals over a year period and although it retains some traditional elements, it also exhibits eclectic, western styles favored by each ruler.

It was originally laid out in the same manner as the Royal Palace it replaced in Ayutthaya, divided into a series of courts, walls, gates and forts. In contrast is the building of Phra Thinang Chakri Maha Prasat which illustrates 19th-century European styles which reflect the preference of King Rama V and the foreign architects he employed in its construction.

Sino-Portuguese style shop houses also became popular in the 19th century throughout Thailand, with a ground floor shopfront and a second-floor living area. These narrow, two-story buildings were linked in rows and can still be seen at Thanon Thalang in Phuket and along the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok.

Thai architecture also exhibits distinct regional differences, with the northeast of the country once part of the Khmer empire.